Redescubriendo al paciente M: Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal y su teoría de la dinámica cerebral / Rediscovering patient M: Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal and his theory of the brain dynamics

Introducción: En el transcurso de la Guerra Civil española, Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal visita al paciente M en el Hospital de Sanidad Militar de Godella (Valencia). Este encuentro marca el inicio de una larga relación entre ambos, que brinda a Justo Gonzalo la oportunidad de estudiar la organización funcional cerebral y articular una original concepción de la neurofisiología basada en las leyes de la excitabilidad nerviosa. El objetivo de este trabajo es redescubrir al paciente M y la interpretación fisiológica de la dinámica cerebral de Gonzalo.Desarrollo: Tomando como piedra angular al paciente M, Gonzalo postula que el efecto de una lesión cortical depende de su magnitud y posición: la magnitud condiciona la intensidad del trastorno; la posición, el tipo de trastorno. Entre 1945 y 1950 desarrolla en profundidad estas y otras hipótesis, basadas en observaciones clínicas, en la obra Dinámica cerebral, La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa (Vol. 1, 1945; Vol. 2, 1950). A partir de 1952 proporciona una versión ampliada de su teoría sobre dinámica cerebral, fundamentándola no sólo en conceptos fisiológicos, sino también en la idea de gradientes cerebrales, e introduciendo los conceptos de similitud y alometría de los sistemas dinámicos.Conclusiones: Durante siglos, el conocimiento sobre la organización funcional del cerebro se ha asentado en el estudio de casos únicos. El paciente M constituye un ejemplo más de esta tradición, ayudando a establecer las bases de la teoría de dinámica cerebral desarrollada por Justo Gonzalo.(AU)

Introduction: During the Spanish Civil War, Justo Gonzalo Rodríguez-Leal visited patient M at the Military Healthcare Hospital in Godella (Valencia). This meeting marked the beginning of a long relationship between the two, which gave Justo Gonzalo the opportunity to study the functional organisation of the brain and to develop an original conception of neurophysiology based on the laws of nervous excitability. The aim of this work is to rediscover patient M and the physiological interpretation of Gonzalo’s brain dynamics.Development: Taking patient M as the cornerstone, Gonzalo postulated that the effect of a cortical lesion depends on its magnitude and position: the magnitude conditions the intensity of the disorder, whereas the position determines the type of disorder. Between 1945 and 1950 he developed these and other hypotheses in depth, based on clinical observations, in his work Dinámica cerebral. La actividad cerebral en función de las condiciones dinámicas de la excitabilidad nerviosa (Vol. 1, 1945; Vol. 2, 1950). From 1952 onwards he provided an expanded version of his theory of brain dynamics, basing it not only on physiological concepts, but also on the idea of brain gradients, and introducing the concepts of similarity and allometry of dynamic systems.Conclusions: For centuries, knowledge about the functional organisation of the brain has been based on single case studies. Patient M is a further example of this tradition that helps to establish the basis of the theory of brain dynamics developed by Justo Gonzalo.(AU)

Hasta el último hombre (2016) y el personal médico de la Sanidad Militar de Euzkadi durante la Guerra Civil (1936-1937) / Hacksaw Ridge (2016) and the Healthcare Workers of the Basque Military Health Services During the Civil War (1936-1937)

Hasta el último hombre (2016) de Mel Gibson representa perfectamente la brutalidad de la guerra y una de sus contradicciones: aquellos que luchan juntos, pero mientras unos van armados y dispuestos a matar, los otros van desarmados y listos para arrebatar víctimas a la propia muerte. Soldados y sanitarios de primera línea no siempre bien avenidos, pero unidos por las circunstancias bélicas.A través de Hasta el último hombre (2016) y más concretamente estudiando su personaje principal, Desmond Doss, queremos analizar el personal de primera línea de la Sanidad Militar de Euzkadi durante la Guerra Civil española. Saber qué tipo de personal sanitario compartió el campo de batalla, cuáles eran sus funciones e identificar en qué categoría del personal sanitario de Euzkadi se encuadraría Desmond Doss. (AU)

War brutality is perfectly represented by Hacksaw Ridge (2016) by Mel Gibson, as well as one of its contradictions: among those men who fight together, there are some who are armed and ready to kill, whereas others are unarmed and ready to snatch casualties from the death itself. Relations between front line soldiers and healthcare workers were not always harmonius, but they were put together under war circumstances.Through «Hacksaw Ridge», and focusing on its main character, who is called Desmond Doos, we intend to analyze the front line personnel of the military health service of Euzkadi during the Spanish Civil War. Also, we want to identify in which healthcare personnel category Desmond Doss would fit within, which his role would have been, as well as with who other type of health workers he would have shared battlefield. (AU)

Transfusión sanguínea y movilización popular en la retaguardia: la Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya (1937-1939) / Blood transfusion and popular mobilization in the rear-guard: the Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya (1937-1939)

RESUMEN: Durante la Guerra Civil Española las autoridades de ambos bandos fomentaron la donación de sangre entr e la población civil para remitirla desde la retaguardia a los frentes de batalla. El voluntariado se estimuló por dos vías principales: por un lado, apelan-do a la solidaridad de la población con los combatientes y, por otro, ofreciendo a los donantes ciertas recompensas, además de signos distintivos de reconocimiento social y protección personal como brazaletes e insignias.Fundada en Barcelona a lo larg o del ver ano de 1937, la Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya llegó a cont ar con cerc a de 30.000 personas inscritas dispuestas a dar su sangre para cubrir primordialmente las necesidades de los servicios quirúrgicos del Ejército de la República. Est a entidad no respondía a un modelo de organización jerárquico y centralizado, sino que estaba conformada por diver-sos colectivos radicados en Barcelona y otras ciudades catalanas. Pese a ser una organización tan numerosa, no se conservan apenas vestigios en la memoria colectiva. Est e artículo pretende analizar los orígenes y la trayectoria de la Agrupació de Donadors de Sang utilizando como fuente principal las noticias aparecidas en la prensa de Barcelona. También se ha analizado el papel de la Cruz Roja en la gestación de dicha entidad

ABSTRACT: During the Spanish Civil War, the authorities on both sides encouraged civilians to donate blood in order to refer it from the rear-guard to the fron tline. Voluntary work was motivated in two main ways: on the one hand, by appealing to the solidarity of the population with the combatants; and, on the other hand, by offering donors certain rewards, as well as distinctive symbols (bracelets and insignia) of social recognition and personal protection. Founded in Barcelona throughout summer in 1937, the Agrupació de Donadors de Sang de Catalunya(Grouping of Blood Donors of Cat alonia) had nearly 30,000 people registered who wer e disposed to donate their blood to cov er primarily the necessities of the surgical services of the Spanish Republican Army. This organisation did not respond to a hierarchical and centralised organisational model, but was formed by various groups based in Barcelona and other Catalan cities. Despite being such a large organization, hardly any traces remain in the collective memory. This article aims to analyse the origins and trajectory of the Agrupació de Donadors de Sang using as the main source the news that appeared in Barcelona’s press. Moreover, the role of the Red Cross on the development of the aforesaid organisation has also been analysed

Serología y lucha antivenérea en el Instituto de Transfusión Sanguínea de Valencia (1937-1938): María Hervás Moncho / Serology and venereal control at the Blood Transfusion Institute of Valencia (1937-1938): María Hervás Moncho

ABSTRACT: During the Spanish Civil War, military transfusion services appeared for the first time. In Barcelona and Valencia –two of the main strongholds of the Republican rear– blood transfusion institutes were set up during the struggle. The one in Valencia had, as an annex, a serology laboratory run by María Hervás Moncho (1894-1963). Hitherto unknown to historiography, this Valencian doctor had spent a long training period at the Pasteur Institute in Paris during the 1920s under the tutelage of the prestigious immunologist Alex-andre Besredka (1870-1940). The aim of this paper is to rescue the figure of María Hervás Moncho from historiographical oblivion, and to analyze her work as the leader of the laboratory of the Institute of Blood Transfusion in Valencia. Hervás was particularly interested in increasing the sensitivity of serological tests used in the diagnosis of syphilis in order to reduce the incidence of false negatives and, therefore, of possible post-transfusion infections. In order to achieve our purpose several archival, hemerographical and bibliographical sources, both manuscript and printed, have been consulted. These are enumerated in the introduction

RESUMEN: Durante la Guerra Civil Española aparecieron por primera vez los servicios militares de transfusión. En Barcelona y Valencia –dos de los principales bastiones de la retaguardia republicana– se habilitaron durante la contienda sendos institutos de transfusión sanguínea. El de Valencia disponía, anexo, de un laboratorio de serología dirigido por María Hervás Moncho (1894-1963). Desconocida por la historiografía, esta médica valenciana había realizado durante la década de 1920 una prolongada estancia de formación en el Ins-tituto Pasteur de París bajo la tutela del prestigioso inmunólogo Alexandre Besredka (1870-1940). El objetivo de este trabajo es rescatar del olvido historiográfico la figura de María Hervás Moncho, analizando su trabajo al frente del laboratorio del Instituto de TransfusiónSanguínea de Valencia. Hervás estaba especialmente interesada en aumentar la sensibilidad de las pruebas serológicas empleadas en el diagnóstico de la sífilis al objeto de disminuir la incidencia de falsos negativos y, por tanto, de eventuales contagios post-transfusio-nales. Para alcanzar los objetivos planteados se han consultado diversas fuentes archivísticas, hemerográficas y bibliográficas, tanto manuscritas como impresas, que se especifican en la introducción.

El servicio de transfusión del ejército republicano durante la Guerra Civil Española y su influencia en Gran Bretaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial / The blood transfusion service of the republican army during the Spanish Civil War and its influence in Great Britain in World War II

Al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el valor de la transfusión sanguínea era ampliamente reconocido, pero no fue hasta la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) cuando se crearon grandes organizaciones civiles de donantes de sangre para proporcionar sangre conservada (citratada) para la transfusión en pacientes civiles y militares en ambos bandos. Se desarrollaron técnicas de transfusión indirecta para administrar esta sangre, con instrumental de fácil manejo, capaz de ser llevado a cabo en cualquier lugar y por cualquiera con experiencia en la administración de inyecciones endovenosas. También se establecieron sistemas eficaces de transporte y distribución, a fin de abastecer adecuadamente las instalaciones sanitarias que prestaban servicio en los frentes de batalla en movimiento. Este trabajo pionero permitió la creación, por primera vez en la historia, de servicios militares de transfusión de sangre. Si bien este fue el caso tanto de las fuerzas insurgentes (nacionalistas) como del Gobierno republicano español, es este último el que constituye el foco de estudio aquí. Esto es posible gracias a las publicaciones del hematólogo catalán Frederic Duran Jordà, creador y director del Servicio Republicano de Transfusión de Sangre, que detallan las técnicas y procedimientos desarrollados durante la guerra para la recogida, análisis, distribución y transfusión de sangre. Esta información se amplía, especialmente con respecto a la aplicación práctica de la transfusión en primera línea, gracias a diferentes publicaciones del Dr. Reginald Saxton, voluntario británico integrado en la Sanidad Militar de la Republica. Es nuestra intención demostrar que las autoridades británicas se beneficiaron de la experiencia española en vísperas del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1939. Les ayudó a desarrollar planes para los servicios de transfusión que resultarían cruciales en el tratamiento de bajas civiles y militares durante la contienda. Frederic Duran Jordà y Reginald Saxton fueron asesores clave, junto con otros que regresaban de España, incluyendo a la reconocida hematóloga británica, Janet Vaughan. Además, los principios desarrollados en España (1936-39) para la práctica militar de transfusiones de sangre siguen respaldando las medidas actuales de reanimación de heridos en el campo de batalla.

By the end of the First World War, the value of blood transfusion was widely recognized, but it was not until the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that large civilian blood donor organizations were created to provide preserved (citrated) blood for transfusion, for both civilian and military patients. Indirect transfusion techniques were developed to administer this blood, with easy-to-use instruments, capable of being carried out anywhere and by any medical personnel with experience in the administration of intravenous injections. Efficient transportation and distribution systems were also established in order to adequately supply the sanitary facilities that served the moving battle fronts. This pioneering work enabled the creation, for the first time in history, of military blood transfusion services. While this was the case for both the insurgent (Nationalist) forces and those of the Spanish Republican Government, it is the latter that forms the focus of this particular study. This is made possible by the publications of Catalan hematologist Frederic Duran Jordà, creator and director of the Republican Blood Transfusion Service, who details the techniques and procedures developed during the war for the collection, testing, distribution and transfusion of blood. Further insight - especially with regard to the practical application of front-line transfusion - can be gleaned from the various writings of Dr Reginald Saxton, British volunteer with the Republican Sanidad Militar. It is the intention, here, to demonstrate that the British authorities benefitted greatly from the Spanish experience in the development of plans for transfusion services that would prove crucial in treating civilian and military casualties during World War II (1939-1945). Frederic Duran Jordà, and Reginald Saxton were key advisers, together with others returning from Spain, including renowned British hematologist, Janet Vaughan. Moreover, the principles developed in Spain (1936-39) for delivery of military blood transfusion practice still support current measures in battlefield casualty resuscitation.

Pies de Trinchera. La contribución de enfermería en la Guerra Civil Española / Trench Feet. The contribution of nursing in the Spanish Civil War

Objetivo principal: El propósito general de este estudio ha sido analizar la actuación de la enfermería durante el periodo de la guerra civil española. Para poder llevarlo a cabo se establecieron tres objetivos generales; conocer quiénes eran, describir su trabajo diario y reflexionar sobre las consecuencias que tuvo para ellas la participación en la contienda. Metodología: En un intento de dar voz a las protagonistas, se realiza una revisión de sus diarios, memorias autobiográficas y entrevistas, las cuales proporcionan una información muy valiosa, de primera mano, sobre la experiencia vivida. Se ha utilizado el método histórico ayudándonos de técnicas cualitativas como la observación documental. El resultado ha sido un estudio histórico, descriptivo y de carácter analítico-sintético. Resultados principales: Las mujeres tuvieron que trabajar en lugares inhóspitos como túneles clausurados, una cueva cerca del Ebro, una alquería en ruinas, etc. Los recursos de los que dispusieron escasearon sobre todo al final de la contienda lo que dificultó todavía mucho más su trabajo diario. Tuvieron que enfrentarse a las bombas, los piojos, el tifus, la disentería, al hambre, etc. Conclusión principal: Las condiciones extremas que vivieron dotaron al personal de enfermería de una mayor autonomía e independencia (AU)

Objective: The general purpose of this study has been to analyze the performance of nursing during the period of the Spanish civil war. In order to carry it out, three general objectives were established; know who they were, describe their daily work and reflect on the consequences that participation in the war had for them. Methods: In an attempt to give the protagonists a voice, a review of their diaries, autobiographical memoirs and interviews is carried out, which provide very valuable information, first-hand, about the lived experience. The historical method has been used with the help of qualitative techniques such as documentary observation. The result has been a historical, descriptive and analytical-synthetic study. Results: The women had to work in inhospitable places such as closed tunnels, a cave near the Ebro, a ruined farmhouse, etc. The resources available to them were scarce, especially at the end of the war, which made their daily work even more difficult. They had to face bombs, lice, typhus, dysentery, hunger, etc. Conclusions: The extreme conditions they experienced endowed the nursing staff with greater autonomy and independence (AU)

Las enfermeras de la Juventud Femenina de la Acción Católica en la GuerraCivil Española y la Constitución de Salus Infirmorum / As enfermeiras da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica na Guerra Civil Espanhola e aConstituição da Salus Infirmorum / The nurses of the Feminine Youth of the Catholic Action in the Spanish Civil War and the Constitution of Salus Infirmorum

The health requirements brought about by the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) led to the urgentorganisation of health services. Nurses played a crucial role and generously took care of the civil andmilitary populations. Objetive: we want to highlight the work carried out by nurses of the women’sbranch of the Catholic Action Youth, led by their president María de Madariaga, who was appointedDeputy Inspector of women’s hospital services; and justify the creation of the Sisterhood of Nurses SalusInfirmorum. Method: It is study historical-desccriptive, based on primary and secundary sources from thearchives of Catholic Action Youth and Salus Infirmorum. Results: Over 4,500 nurses of the Women'sCatholic Action Youth provided care and assistance in hospitals, pharmacies, and garment workshops forcombatants, visited hospitals and trained nurses. This work led to the subsequent creation of the SalusInfirmorum Sisterhood in 1942 founded by María de Madariaga as a group of Catholicnurses.Conclusion: The young women of JFAC actively participated in the national camp. Finished thewar, it is created and and developed the Salus Infirmorum Sisterhood as a result leadership by María deMadariaga in the JFAC. (AU)

Las necesidades sanitarias que trajo consigo la Guerra Civil española (1936-1939), provocó laurgente organización de los servicios sanitarios. Las enfermeras participaron de manera decisiva ygenerosa en los cuidados de la población civil y militar, en cada uno de los bandos enfrentados. Objetivo:destacar la labor de las enfermeras de la rama femenina de las jóvenes de Acción Católica (JFAC),lideradas por su presidenta María de Madariaga; y justificar la creación de la Hermandad de EnfermerasSalus Infirmorum. Metodología: estudio histórico descriptivo mediante fuentes primarias y secundariasdel archivo de la Juventud Femenina de la Acción Católica y de Salus Infirmorum. Resultados: Más de4.500 enfermeras de la JFAC prestaron atención y ayuda en hospitales, farmacias, talleres de confecciónde prendas para combatientes, visitando hospitales o realizando cursillos de formación para enfermeras.Esta labor derivó en la posterior creación de la Hermandad de Enfermeras Salus Infirmorum en 1942,fundada por María de Madariaga como una agrupación de enfermeras católicas. Conclusión: Las jóvenesde la JFAC participaron activamente en el bando nacional. Finalizada la guerra, se crea y desarrolla lahermandad de enfermeras Salus Infirmorum, fruto del liderazgo de María de Madariaga en la JFAC. (AU)

As necessidades de saúde decorrente da Guerra Civil Espanhola (1936-1939), levaram à urgenteorganização dos serviços de saúde. Os enfermeiros participaram de forma decisiva e generosa no cuidadoda população civil e militar, em cada um dos lados que se enfrentavam. Objetivo: destacar o trabalho dasjovens enfermeiras da Ação Católica (J, lideradas por sua presidente María de Madariaga; e justificar acriação da Irmandade de Enfermeiras Salus Infirmorum. Método: Estudio histórico descritivo, com fontesprimárias e secundárias, do arquivo da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica e Salus Infirmorum.Resultados: Mais de 4.500 enfermeiras da Juventude Feminina da Ação Católica prestaram atendimento eajuda em hospitais, farmácias, ateliê de roupas para combatentes, visitando hospitales ou realizandocursos de formação para enfermeiras. Este trabalho levou à criação posterior da Irmandade deEnfermeiras Salus Infirmorum em 1942, fundada por María de Madariaga como um grupo de enfermeirascatólicas. Conclusões: As jovens do JFAC participaram ativamente do acampamento nacional. Após aguerra, a irmandade de enfermeiras Salus Infirmorum foi criada e desenvolvida, como resultado daliderança de María de Madariaga no JFAC. (AU)

La farmacéutica Milagro Almenara Pérez, del olvido a su reconocimiento / The pharmacist Milagro Almenara Pérez, from oblivion to her recognition

Introducción: Milagro Almenara Pérez se licenció en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Granada en 1921. Sin embargo, tras la Guerra Civil, parece que ella nunca existió, y no solo su persona, sino también su expediente universitario e incluso la farmacia de Granada en la que trabajó. En este artículo se muestra una breve biografía suya, con el doble objetivo de ponerla como referente ante la sociedad y también de ilustrar las muchas similitudes existentes entre su vida y la del conocido poeta granadino Federico García Lorca. Método: Búsqueda de información sobre Milagro Almenara Pérez en fuentes archivísticas, bibliográficas, digitales e incluso periodísticas, que ha permitido completar con datos nuevos y recientes algunos aspectos biográficos que no se encuentran en los no muy abundantes trabajos de investigación ya publicados sobre ella. Resultados: Como resultado del estudio realizado se han añadido datos originales recientes a la biografía de Milagro Almenara Pérez y se justifica la hipótesis de la existencia de una determinada similitud entre su vida y la del poeta andaluz Federico García Lorca. Conclusiones: Durante la Guerra Civil Española se destruyeron, por parte de ambos bandos, muchos documentos, tanto personales como institucionales, que atañían a aquellas personas a las que cada bando consideraba desafectas. Entre ellas, la farmacéutica Milagro Almenara, cuya vida presenta muchas coincidencias con la del poeta Federico García Lorca. (AU)

Introduction: Milagro Almenara Pérez graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Granada in 1921. However, after the Civil War, it seems that she never existed, and not only her person, but also her university record and even the Granada pharmacy where she worked. This article shows a biography of her, with the double objective of showing her as a reference to society and also to illustrate the strong parallelism between her life and that of the well-known Granada poet, Federico García Lorca. Method: A search for information on Milagro Almenara Pérez has been carried out in archival, bibliographic, digital and even journalistic sources that has made possible to complete with new and recent data some biographical aspects that are not found in the few research works already published on her. Results: As a result of the study, original data have been added to the biography of Milagro Almenara Pérez and the hypothesis of the existence of a certain similarity between her life and that of the famous Andalusian poet Federico García Lorca is justified. Conclusions: In the Spanish Civil War many documents, both personal and institutional, were destroyed by both sides, which concerned those people whom each side considered disaffected. Among them, the pharmacist Milagro Almenara, whose life had many coincidences with that of the poet Federico García Lorca. (AU)

El trabajo de Antonio Chamorro en el Institut du Radium de París (1938-1952): hormonas y cáncer de mama / The work of antonio chamorro at the institut du radium, paris (1938-52): hormones and breast cancer

El objetivo de este trabajo es visibilizar la relevancia de uno de los personajes que fueron víctimas del exilio científico tras la guerra civil española. Se trata de Antonio Chamorro Daza (Huesa, Jaén, 1903-Banyoles, Girona, 2003), un Profesor Ayudante de Clases prácticas de la Facultad de Medicina de Granada que, sorprendido en Berlín por la sublevación militar, posteriormente fue juzgado por el Tribunal para la Represión de la Masonería y el Comunismo e inhabilitado para el ejercicio profesional en España. Como refugiado político en París, formó parte de una élite de investigadores que volcaron sus esfuerzos en la investigación experimental sobre el origen hormonal del cáncer de mama, basándose en la llamada medicina de laboratorio, con notables hallazgos, reconocidos en el gran número de publicaciones en las que se les tuvo en cuenta. El grupo de trabajo estuvo dirigido por el médico francés Antoine Lacassagne, quien influyó decisivamente en el porvenir de Antonio Chamorro. (AU)

The objective of this work is to make visible the relevance of one of the characters who were victims of scientific exile after the Spanish civil war. This is Antonio Chamorro Daza, an Assistant Professor of Practical Classes of the Faculty of Medicine of Granada, who was surprised in Berlin by the military uprising, was subsequently tried by the Court for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism and disabled for the professional exercise in Spain. As a political refugee in Paris, he was part of the elite of researchers who turned their efforts into experimental research on the hormonal origin of breast cancer, based on the so-called laboratory medicine, with remarkable findings, recognized in the large number of publications in those that were taken into account. The working group was led by the French doctor Antoine Lacassagne, who decisively influenced the future of Antonio Chamorro.(AU)

Pedro José Martínez Moreno. Practicante de la Armada: algo más que un personaje / Pedro José Martínez Moreno. Practitioner da armada: mais que uma simples personagem / Pedro José Martínez Moreno, a Navy Practitioner: more than just a personage

Los Practicantes de la Armada, desde principios de siglo XX hasta finalizar la guerra civil, en las distintas zonas marítimas de nuestra geografía, fueron protagonistas destacados de la institución colegial. Eran profesionales muy bien formados y con amplias competencias laborales, gran bagaje de vivencias y con un elevado sentido del corporativismo como arma para defender unos derechos que no les eran reconocidos. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en describir la vida de Pedro J. Martínez desde la doble perspectiva de militar y practicante. Para ello, hemos empleado una metodología basada en el proceso heurístico de fuentes primarias de origen archivístico localizadas en el Archivo Central del Cuartel General de la Armada y Archivo del Colegio de Enfermería de Cádiz. También hemos obtenido importante información de la prensa profesional del momento, como es el caso de El Practicante Gaditano y recurrido a la documentación personal con la Catedrática Victoria Fernández Díaz. Toda la documentación obtenida ha sido analizada siguiendo las orientaciones de la disciplina histórica, especialmente la biográfica y de vida. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación nos llevan a perfilar a Martínez Moreno como un individuo que, por sus cualidades y conocimientos, destacaba en su actividad profesional y en el ambiente social. Cartagenero de nacimiento y practicante de la Armada, era algo más que un personaje. Desde su tierra natal, donde fue presidente del Colegio Departamental de Cartagena, fundador y propietario de la revista “El Practicante Moderno”, hasta llegar a la capital gaditana donde resultó elegido presidente del Colegio de Practicantes de Cádiz. No pasaba nunca desapercibido y destacaba en todos los ámbitos donde residía. También era un profesional militar muy considerado por sus superiores y así le era oficialmente reconocido. En cumplimiento al Decreto del Gobierno provisional...(AU)

The Navy Surgery Practitioners, from the beginning of the twentieth century until the civil war, the different maritime of our geography, they were prominent protagonist of the collegiate institution. They were very well trained professionals with extensive work skills, great baggage of experiences and with a high sense of corporatism as a weapon to defend rights that were not recognized to them. The objective of this study is describing the life of Pedro J. Martínez Moreno from the dual perspective of military and surgery practitioner. To do this, we have used a methodology based on the heuristic process of primary sources of archival origin located in the Central Archive of the Headquarters of the Navy and file of the College of Nursing of Cádiz. We have also obtained important information from the professional press of the moment, as is the El Practicante Gaditano and resorted to personal documentation with Professor Victoria Fernández Díaz. All the documentation obtained has been analyzed according to the orientation of historical discipline, especially biographical and life. The results obtained in this research lead us to profile Martínez Moreno as an individual who, for his qualities and knowledge, he exceled in...(AU)

Os Praticantes da Marinha, desde o início do século XX até ao fim da guerra civil, nas diferentes áreas marítimas da nossa geografia, foram protagonistas notáveis da instituição colegial. Eram profissionais muito bem treinados, com vastas competências de trabalho, uma grande experiência e um forte sentido de corporativismo como arma para defender direitos que não eram reconhecidos. O objectivo deste estudo é descrever a vida de Pedro J. Martínez a partir da dupla perspectiva de militar e praticante. Para tal, utilizámos uma metodologia baseada no processo heurístico de fontes primárias de origem arquivística localizadas no Arquivo Central do Quartel-General da Marinha e no Arquivo do Colégio de Enfermagem de Cádis. Obtivemos também informações importantes da imprensa profissional da época, como é o caso de El Practicante Gaditano e recorremos à documentação pessoal com a Professora Victoria Fernández Díaz. Toda a documentação obtida foi analisada seguindo as directrizes da disciplina histórica, especialmente a biografia e a história de vida. Os resultados obtidos nesta investigação levam-nos a traçar o perfil de Martínez Moreno como um indivíduo que, devido às suas qualidades e conhecimentos, se destacou na sua actividade profissional e no meio social. Cartaginês de nascimento e estagiário da Marinha, ele era mais do que uma personagem. Desde a sua pátria, onde foi presidente do Colégio Departamental de Cartagena, fundador e proprietário da revista "El Practicante Moderno", até à capital de Cádis, onde foi eleito presidente do Colégio de Praticantes de Cádis. Ele nunca passou despercebido e destacou-se em todas as áreas onde viveu. Era também um profissional militar altamente considerado pelos seus superiores e foi oficialmente reconhecido como tal. Em conformidade com o Decreto do Governo Provisório da República de 23 de Abril de 1931, fez a promessa obrigatória de adesão e lealdade à República...(AU)

La Agrupación Profesional de Médicos Liberales: la respuesta progresista del asociacionismomédico español (1935-1939) / The Professional Association of Liberal Doctors: the progressive response of Spanish medical associations (1935-1939)

Este trabajo es una aportación a la escasa historiografía sobre el asociacionismo profesional médico en España en la primera mitad del siglo XX. La Agrupación Profesional de Médicos Liberales (APML), creada durante la II República Española, no sólo intentó romper con los antecedentes asociativos tradicionales de la profesión médica, sino que participó activa-mente a nivel político y social con el objetivo de obtener una medicina comprometida con la sociedad. Este posicionamiento activo hizo que la APML fuera considerada un enemigo más del régimen de Franco, y sus afiliados víctimas de la represión y el exilio (AU)

Gender Inequalities in Academic Achievement among Internally Displaced children in Colombia / Desigualdades de género en el desempeño académico de los niños desplazados forzados en Colombia / Desigualdades de gênero no desempenho acadêmico de crianças deslocadas forçadas na Colômbia

Abstract Using 2015 data of the Colombia Demographic and Health Survey, we investigated the incidence of belonging to a household with an Internally Displaced Person (IDP) on the likelihood of grade retention by sex. Particularly, a bivariate logistic regression was used to identify the correlation between families with IDP and children's gender on the probability of repeating a school year. Boys' were negatively affected when they live in an IDP household. Also, boys had a higher like-lihood of repeating a grade. We need to know how to act upon the social determinants that create social gaps and disadvantages across IDP, but also, to align with Sustainable Development Goals to eliminate gender inequalities.

Resumen (analítico) Utilizando datos de 2015 de la Encuesta de Demografía y de Salud de Colombia investigamos la incidencia de pertenecer a un hogar con una persona desplazada forzada por el conflicto armado interno (IDP) sobre la probabilidad de repetición de grado por sexo. En particular, se utilizó una regresión logística bivariada para identificar la correlación entre familias con desplazados internos y el género de los niños en la probabilidad de repetir un año escolar. Los niños se vieron afectados negativamente cuando vivieron en un hogar desplazado forzado. Además, los varones tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de repetir una asignatura. Necesitamos saber cómo actuar sobre los determinantes sociales que crean brechas sociales y desventajas entre los desplazados internos, pero también para alinearnos con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible en busca de eliminar las desigualdades de género.

Resumo (analítico) Utilizando dados de 2015 da Pesquisa Demográfica e de Saúde da Colômbia (DHS), investigamos a incidência de pertencer a uma família com uma Pessoa Deslocada Interna (IDP) sobre a probabilidade de retenção de notas por sexo. Particularmente, uma regressão logística bivariada foi usada para identificar a correlação entre famílias com PID e sexo das crianças sobre a probabilidade de repetir um ano escolar. Os meninos foram afetados negativamente quando vivem em uma casa de deslocados internos. Além disso, os meninos tinham maior probabilidade de repetir uma nota. Precisamos saber como agir de acordo com os determinantes sociais que criam lacunas e desvantagens sociais entre os deslocados internos, mas também alinhar com os ODS para eliminar as desigualdades de gênero.

La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel / The crisis in Libya and its effects on the Sahel región / A crise em Líbia e os seus efeitos na região do Sahel

Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza desde la perspectiva clásica de seguridad la evolución de la política exterior de Libia durante la era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizándose en su inicio por ser una amenaza de guerra constante a transformarse en el principal factor de estabilidad de la región del Sahel antes de su caída. Desde este punto se examinan las consecuencias que, en materia de seguridad, acontecieron en la región tras la desaparición del líder libio y los factores de riesgo que aumentan la vulnerabilidad de esta, ante la situación caótica en el país norafricano, sumado a la intervención militar de Occidente en Libia, la cual profundiza la situación de violencia al no permitir la reconfiguración de una autoridad central fuerte.

Abstract The following article analyzes from the classical security perspective the evolution of Libya's foreign policy during the era of Muammar Gaddafi , characterized at the beginning as being a constant threat of war, to become the main stability factor of the Sahel region before his fall. From this point we examine the consequences that, in terms of security, occurred in the region following the demise of the Libyan leader and the risk factors that increase its vulnerability, given the chaotic situation in the North African country, added to the Western military intervention in Libya, which deepens the violence situation by not allowing the reconfi guration of a strong central authority.

Resumo O seguinte artigo analisa desde a perspectiva clássica de segurança a evolução da política exterior de Líbia durante a era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizar-se em seu início por ser una ameaça de guerra constante a se transformar no principal fator de estabilidade da região do Sahel antes da sua caída. Desde este ponto examinam-se as consequências que, em matéria de segurança, aconteceram na região após do desaparecimento do líder líbio e os fatores de risco que aumentam a vulnerabilidade desta, perante a situação caótica no país norte-africano, somado à intervenção militar de Ocidente em Líbia, a qual aprofunda a situação de violencia ao não permitir a reconfiguração de uma autoridade central forte.

Una diáspora bienvenida a Venezuela: los médicos vascos exilados hace ochenta años / A diaspora welcome to Venezuela: basque doctors exiled eighty years ago

En unos tiempos de éxodo de los médicos venezolanos, cabe recordar a la favorable acogida recibida en Venezuela por los médicos vascos exilados al terminar la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939). Los médicos que prestaron servicios en Sanidad Militar de la región autónoma de Euzkadi fueron destituidos de sus cargos en los hospitales vascos y fueron desterrados a Francia. Un convenio oficial del gobierno venezolano les concedió asilo y se les destinó en mayoría a medicaturas rurales. Se describen las trayectorias de los médicos procedentes del Hospital Civil de Bilbao. Algunos se destacaron por sus contribuciones notables a la comunidad medica de su tierra de adopción en campos de clínica, de docencia y de salud publica(AU)

In an era of medical exodus from Venezuela, it seems of interest to recall the favorable welcome received by Basque medical doctors exiled after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The medical doctors who had cooperated with the Military Health Services of the autonomous Basque Country (Euzkadi) were expelled from the hospitals and had to leave to France in exile. An official agreement from the government of Venezuela allowed them to come legally and be offered a position as doctors in small rural communities in the interior of the country. The professional paths of those doctors excluded from the Civil Hospital of Bilbao are described, some of which made substantial contributions to clinical medicine, academic teaching and public health in their new land of adoption(AU)

Palabras de una india vasca: lecturas sobre el compromiso intelectual de gabriela mistral con la guerra civil española / Words from a basque indigenous woman: readings about gabriela mistral's intellectual commitment with the spanish civil war / Palavras de uma índia vasca: leituras sobre o compromisso intelectual de gabriela mistral com a guerra civil espanhola

RESUMEN: Gabriela Mistral, profesora, escritora y diplomática chilena se desempeñó como cónsul de Chile en España entre los años 1933 y 1935, etapa durante la cual desarrolló una intensa proximidad con el país y una profunda identificación con la lengua española. Por medio del análisis de cartas y de la dedicatoria del libro Tala(1938), entre otras fuentes, intentaremos comprender como la guerra civil que afectó a este país detonó en la autora memorias que marcaron su escritura como intelectual llevándola a comprometerse con los niños españoles afectados por el conflicto y con la búsqueda de la paz. Al mismo tiempo, trataremos de reconocer cómo en la producción de la autora se presentan reflexiones acerca del concepto de infancia, invitándonos, por ejemplo, a significarla como una esperanza transformadora para pensar algunas de las experiencias de tragedia y muerte que se vivían en el mundo.

ABSTRACT: Gabriela Mistral, teacher, writer and Chilean diplomatic performed as consul of Chile in Spain between the years 1933 and 1935, stage during which she developed an intense proximity with the country and a deep identification with the Spanish language. Through the analysis of letters and the dedication of the book Tala(1938), among others sources, we will try to understand how the Spanish Civil War that affected that country triggered memories from the author. The war marked her writing as intellectual taking her to compromise with the Spanish children affected by the conflict and with the pursuit of peace. At the same time, we will try to recognize how the author's production presented reflections about the concept of infancy, inviting us, for example, to signify it as a transforming hope to think some of the experiences of tragedy and death that happened in the world in this period.

RESUMO: Gabriela Mistral, professora, escritora e diplomata chilena atuou como consulesa de Chile na Espanha entre os anos 1933 e 1935, etapa durante a qual desenvolveu uma intensa proximidade com o país e uma profunda identificação com a língua espanhola. Por meio da análise de cartas e da dedicatória do livro Tala (1938), entre outras fontes, tentaremos compreender como a guerra civil que afetou a este país detonou na autora memórias que marcaram sua escrita como intelectual, levando-a a se comprometer com os meninos espanhóis afetados pelo conflito e com a busca da paz. Ao mesmo tempo, trataremos de reconhecer como na produção da autora se apresentam reflexões sobre o conceito de infância, nos convidando, por exemplo, a significá-la como uma esperança transformadora para pensar algumas das experiências de tragédia e morte que se viviam no mundo.

Political transition and emergent forest-conservation issues in Myanmar.

Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long-running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon-scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land-tenure insecurity, large-scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure- and energy-project planning, and reforming land-tenure and environmental-protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions.

[Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War]. / Avaliação do período perioperatório em civis feridos na Guerra Civil Síria.

BACKGROUND: Wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: The mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: Among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war.

Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War / Avaliação do período perioperatório em civis feridos na Guerra Civil Síria

BACKGROUND: wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: the mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war.

JUSTIFICATIVA: Historicamente, as guerras e seus desafios afligem a humanidade. Na Síria, lesões graves ocorreram devido às armas de fogo e explosivos usados na guerra entre as forças governamentais e civis durante um período de mais de dois anos. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: O estudo incluiu 364 pacientes, admitidos no Hospital da Universidade Mustafa Kemal da Faculdade de Medicina (Hatay, Turquia) e submetidos à cirurgia. Os sobreviventes e não sobreviventes foram comparados quanto ao local e tipo da lesão e número de transfusões administradas. A taxa de mortalidade encontrada neste estudo também foi comparada àquelas relatadas em outras guerras civis. RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 29 (3-68) anos. Os principais locais de lesão incluíram extremidades (56,0%), cabeça (20,1%), abdome (16,2%), estruturas vasculares (4,4%) e tórax (3,3%). Os tipos de lesões incluíram ferimento de arma de fogo (64,4%), lesão causada por explosão (34,4%) e ferimentos diversos (1,2%). A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 89,6%, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade foi de 10,4%. Observou-se uma diferença significativa entre as taxas de mortalidade neste estudo e aquelas relatadas para as guerras civis da Bósnia e Líbano; e a diferença ficou extremamente significativa quando comparada com as taxas de mortalidade relatadas para as guerras civis do Vietnã e do Afeganistão. CONCLUSÃO: Dentre as lesões relacionadas à guerra, a maior taxa de mortalidade foi observada em lesões de cabeça-pescoço, abdome e vasculares. Acreditamos que a maior taxa de mortalidade na Guerra Civil da Síria, em comparação com as guerras da Bósnia, Vietnã, Líbano Afeganistão, se deva ao fato de os civis terem sido vistos como alvo direto durante a guerra.

Assessment of the perioperative period in civilians injured in the Syrian Civil War.

BACKGROUND: wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: the study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non-survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. RESULTS: the mean age was 29 (3-68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. CONCLUSION: among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head-neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war.

Mujeres extraviadas: psicología y prostitución en la España de postguerra / Stray Women: Psychology and Prostitution in Postwar Spain

La brutal depresión económica en que se sumió la España de postguerra empujó a muchas mujeres a recurrir a la prostitución como único medio de subsistencia. Las autoridades franquistas habían anulado el decreto abolicionista republicano por lo que el comercio sexual era tolerado. Sin embargo, el auge incontrolado de la prostitución hizo reaccionar a las autoridades y se establecieron cárceles especiales para prostitutas. En el presente artículo, se analizan los trabajos de postguerra sobre la psicología de la prostitución de tres personajes situados en instituciones claves de la época: Antonio Vallejo Nágera (Universidad de Madrid, Consejo Nacional de Sanidad), Eduardo Martínez Martínez (Clínica Psiquiátrica Penitenciaria de Mujeres) y Francisco J. Echalecu y Canino (Patronato de Protección a la Mujer). Los textos de estos tres autores y sus investigaciones sobre prostitutas españolas les llevan a caracterizarlas como afectas innatas de psicopatía sexual, deficiencia mental y amoralidad. Este diagnóstico les conduce a justificar su internamiento en las cárceles especiales para prostitutas, para reforma. De este modo, los trabajos de Vallejo, Martínez y Echalecu fueron instrumentales para la justificación del establecimiento de las cárceles especiales. El marco conceptual de la biopsicología de inspiración alemana se puso al servicio del proyecto social de la biopolítica franquista.

The brutal economic depression in which post-Civil War Spain sank pushed many women to resort to prostitution as their only means of subsistence. The pro-Franco authorities had annulled the republican abolitionist decree and sexual commerce was again tolerated. Nevertheless, the uncontrolled height of prostitution compelled the authorities to react and special jails for "misled" women were created. We analyze the publications of this postwar period related to the psychology of prostitution by three individuals working in key institutions at the time: Antonio Vallejo Nágera (University of Madrid, National Health Council), Eduardo Martinez Martinez (Penitentiary for Women Psychiatric Clinic) and Francisco J. Echalecu y Canino (Patronage for the Protection of Women). The publications by these three authors and their investigations on Spanish prostitutes led them to characterize these women as innate chronic sexual psychopaths, with mental deficiency and amorality. This diagnosis was used to justify their confinement for reform in special jails for "fallen" women. In this way, the publications by Vallejo, Martinez and Echalecu y Canino were instrumental to justify the establishment of these special jails. The conceptual frame of the biopsychology of German inspiration was used to service the social project of the pro-Franco biopolitics.